Exploring Frankenstein Through a Cultural Studies Lens:
This blog delves into Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein through a cultural studies perspective. Frankenstein, a novel born out of the political and scientific revolutions of Shelley’s time, raises complex questions about power, class, identity, and the ethics of scientific exploration. This activity encourages a fresh look at the novel's themes, questioning their relevance today and exploring how they appear across popular culture. The discussion here is organized into two main sections:
1. Revolutionary Beginnings
2. The Frankenpheme in Popular Culture: Across Fiction, Drama, Film, and Television
Part 1: Revolutionary Births
Overview
Written during a time of significant social and political change, Frankenstein critiques the scientific, philosophical, and political beliefs of Mary Shelley’s era. This section explores whether Frankenstein’s original revolutionary spirit has been diluted by its modern, often commercialized adaptations—or if, instead, its adaptability across media shows its enduring rebellious nature.
# Discussion Topics
## 1. The Creature as Proletarian
Mary Shelley was heavily influenced by her parents—radical thinkers Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin—as well as the political theorist Thomas Paine. The creature in Frankenstein can be viewed as representing the oppressed working class, struggling against a society that rejects and abuses him.
Reflection Questions:
- How does the Creature’s suffering evoke sympathy for the marginalized?
Answer: The creature is abandoned and treated with cruelty because of his appearance, despite his desire to learn and connect with others. This suffering mirrors the hardships faced by oppressed people in society, who are often judged or excluded because of factors beyond their control. Shelley uses this suffering to generate empathy for those who are marginalized.
- How does his transformation into a “vengeful” force mirror societal fears about revolutionary uprisings?
Answer: The creature begins as an innocent, but rejection and isolation push him to anger and violence. This mirrors society’s fear of oppressed people rebelling when they can no longer bear injustice. Shelley highlights this as a warning: neglecting the needs of the oppressed can lead to conflict and upheaval.
## 2. A Race of Devils
Shelley’s portrayal of the creature also speaks to issues of race and imperialism. Victor Frankenstein’s actions reflect a colonial mindset—creating life and then abandoning it. This mirrors how imperial powers often "created" colonies, only to exploit and ignore them. The creature’s experience of rejection reflects how "Othered" groups are marginalized in society.
Reflection Questions:
- How does the novel’s treatment of the creature as an outsider comment on race and empire?
Answer: The creature’s exclusion reflects the way societies “Other” groups that don’t fit dominant racial or cultural norms. Shelley critiques how societies treat those deemed different, calling attention to the cruelty of imperialistic and racial prejudice.
- In today’s global society, how might the creature’s experience resonate with discussions on race, privilege, and systemic inequality?
Answer: The creature’s experience speaks to the ongoing struggles of marginalized communities. In today’s world, the novel resonates as a critique of social structures that continue to uphold privilege and discriminate against those who are different.
## 3. From Natural Philosophy to Cyborg
In our age of rapid technological and scientific advancement, Frankenstein’s cautionary tale about the consequences of unchecked ambition is as relevant as ever. The novel explores the ethical dangers of scientific experimentation, a theme that resonates in today’s discussions on genetic modification, artificial intelligence, and cloning.
Reflection Questions:
- How does Frankenstein caution against human overreach in science?
Answer: Victor Frankenstein’s ambition leads him to create life, but he fails to consider the moral consequences. Shelley’s novel warns that scientific exploration, without responsibility, can have disastrous outcomes.
- What parallels can be drawn between Victor’s experiments and modern debates on cloning, AI, and genetic modification?
Answer: Just as Victor pushed the boundaries of science, today’s advancements in AI and genetics push ethical limits. Shelley’s work reminds us to question how far we should go in manipulating life and to consider the responsibilities that come with such power.
Part 2: The Frankenpheme in Popular Culture
# Overview
The term “Frankenphemes,” coined by scholar Timothy Morton, refers to cultural elements from Frankenstein that have permeated various media, from films to political discussions. This part examines how Frankenstein’s core themes—about humanity, ambition, and exclusion—continue to shape our culture.
# Discussion Topics
## 1. First Film Adaptation and Popular Retellings
The first cinematic adaptation of Frankenstein in 1931, followed by countless films, parodies, and references, demonstrates the novel’s lasting impact. Each retelling has adapted the original story to address contemporary fears, from anxieties about technology to questions about what it means to be human.
Reflection Questions:
- Why do you think Frankenstein continues to captivate popular culture?
Answer: Frankenstein deals with universal questions—about belonging, ambition, and responsibility—that remain relevant. Its adaptability speaks to its ability to address ongoing societal fears and ethical dilemmas.
- How do different retellings reshape or retain the novel’s critique of scientific ambition and social exclusion?
Answer: Each adaptation reflects its time’s concerns. For example, The Bride of Frankenstein (1935) emphasized loneliness and acceptance, while Blade Runner (1982) explored artificial intelligence and identity. These retellings maintain Shelley’s warning about ambition but shift focus to match contemporary issues.
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Suggested Activities for Deep Analysis
1. Reading and Analysis
- Activity: Read key passages from Frankenstein where the creature reflects on his self-education (e.g., from Project Gutenberg). Reflect on how learning affects his worldview.
- Discussion: Does the creature’s education empower him or deepen his alienation? How does it affect his understanding of his place in society?
2. Film and Media Reflection
- Activity: Watch scenes from Frankenstein-inspired films (like Young Frankenstein, The Bride of Frankenstein, or Blade Runner). Reflect on how these films reinterpret the novel’s themes.
- Research: Explore the historical context of each adaptation. How do the films reflect the societal fears and advancements of their time?
Final Thoughts
Frankenstein challenges us to think critically about power, responsibility, and empathy for those who are different. The novel’s continued influence across media reminds us of our shared anxieties and values. This thinking activity encourages readers to view Frankenstein not just as a classic novel, but as a complex cultural artifact that speaks to every generation.
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